Methodology And Procedures Used In The Lp - 754 Words

The methodology and procedures employed in the LULC study included reviewing previous studies specific to the study area, interpretation and analysis of recent and middle-aged satellite images, NDVI and DNDVI analysis, preliminary land use and land cover classification and mapping, field and signature data collection and verification, and post land cover mapping (methodology Fig.2). During pre-fieldwork, the images were rectified and enhanced to create a more realistic representation of the scene and land cover signatures. Geospatial data uncertainty resulted from image resampling, percent cloud cover, assumptions of homogeneity, and physical properties of feature of interest were improved by applying geometric and radiometric corrections†¦show more content†¦Image resampling involves the conversion of satellite imagery at a relatively fine scale to a more coarse spatial resolution with imagery from similar or different satellite sensor with varying spatial resolution. 17 Th e choice of the resampling method depends, among others, on the ratio between input and output pixel size and the purpose of the resampled image (Bakker, et al., 2004). In this research, Landsat TM images were resampled using the nearest neighbor resampling technique to preserve the original image radiometric information (Serra, X, Sauri, 2003)(Serra et al., 2003. In addition, Nearest neighbor assigns the digital number, DN (fig..x), value of the closest original pixel to the new pixel by retaining all spectral information for efficient image classification ((Parker, Kenyon, Troxel, 1983). (Bakker, et al., 2004). Fig. DN valklues Classification and land cover mapping Various classification methods have been developed to extract information from imageries. The two main types are pixel and object-based methods. Pixel-based methods can be cluster based unsupervised or supervised classification whereas the later uses statistical (e.g., maximum likelihood algorism) and non-statistical algorithms (e.g., support vector machines) (Lu, Li, Kuang, Moran, 2014). The object-based classification which overcomes some of the particular problems encountered with pixel-based classification (Blaschke, 2010) was used to analyzeShow MoreRelatedGps Limitations And Limitations Of Gps1304 Words   |  6 Pagespractical or available in many cases. Thus, techniques assisting GPS with LPS components have received many attentions from both industry and academia in recent years. An approach widely used on mobile phone navigations is cellular networking based localization. The global deployment and general availability of cellular networks make it an intuitive option for localization and assisting GPS. As other RF technologies, various methodologies could work on cellular signals including fingerprinting [3]. But dueRead MoreConstruction Projects Of Saudi Arabia991 Words   |  4 Pagesquality of each activity (Babu and Suresh, 1996; Tareghian and Taheri, 2006, 2007). In another approach for assisting construction planners in making time-cost trade-off decisions. This new approach, named the LP/IP hybrid method, is a combination of linear and integer programming. The LP/IP hybrid method first establishes the lower bound of the time-cost relationship of a project using linear programming. Based on the linear programming solutions, regions of desired time and cost can be selectedRead MoreGps Limitations And Limitations Of Gps1304 Words   |  6 Pagespractical or available in many cases. Thus, techniques assisting GPS with LPS components have received many attentions from both industry and academia in recent years. An approach widely used on mobile phone navigations is cellular networking based localization. The global deployment and general availability of cellular networks make it an intuitive option for localization and assisting GPS. As other RF technologies, various methodologies could work on cellular signals including fingerprinting [3]. But dueRead MoreEvaluating The Potential Quality Loss Cost1692 Words   |  7 Pagesin planning. Another research highlights using linear and integer programming algorithms for resource optimization while scheduling of project, thereby analyzing potential time-cost tradeoff. In a different approach, researcher used fuzzy multi-attribute utility methodology and justifying it with computational analysis to provide an alternate solution to the problem. A research focusing on principle of genetic algorithms, results in development of VBA macro programs which uses the total project costRead MoreThe Signal Data Obtained Through The Measurement Phase1818 Words   |  8 Pages The signal data obtained in the measurement phase is then used to approximate the position of the target node. Since, due to many factors range data often gets attenuated by noisy signal measurements, optimization methods are to be employed to filter the noise and arrive at a more definite position estimate. Lateration:When ranges between anchor nodes and the mobile node can be determined, lateration is used to estimate position [35]. For two-dimensional localization, three rangeRead MoreAnalysis Of Lps Schemes Can Be Categorized From Different Perspectives1927 Words   |  8 Pages 2.2 LPS Classification Due to their diversity, LPS schemes can be categorized from different perspectives .The classification could be based on various criteria like methodology, dependency on equipment’s, operating scenarios, targeted users and outputs. Here we categorize indoor localization systems along three dimensions. First, we consider the output of a localization system which is usually generalized as locations or positions, but actually could be divided into different groups. MostRead MoreAbsolute Advantage By Adam Smith Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesfor both nations. Different nations may use different technologies, but all firms within each nation utilize a common production method for each commodity. 5. Costs do not vary with the level of production and are proportional to the amount of labor used. 6. Perfect competition prevails in all markets. Because no single producer or consumer is large enough to influence the market, all are price takers. Product quality does not vary among nations, implying that all units of each product are identicalRead MoreApplication Of Lean Six Sigma Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesMotorola and Toyota, they both became successful and competing methodologies for business improvement. Today, several companies rest upon either Lean or Six Sigma in order to streamline and improve their processes. Smart companies however are finding ways to integrate both methodologies, under the umbrella of Lean Six Sigma (LSS). This paper deals with a case where a large software service provider firm LPS implemented lean Six Sigma methodology to improve upon the existing process outsourced by a largeRead MoreLp Gas Agency System1865 Words   |  8 PagesTable of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Problem Statement 1 3. Objectives 2 4. Scope 2 5. Limitations 2 6. Methodology 3 6.1 Data Collection 3 6.1.1 Primary Data Collection 3 6.1.2 Secondary Data Collection 3 6.2 System Requirement Specification (SRS) 3 6.2.1 Functional Requirement 3 6.2.2 Non-Functional Requirement 4 6.3 Feasibility Analysis 4 6.4 Development Model 4 6.5 Hardware and Software Requirements 6 6.5.1 Hardware Requirements 6 6.5.2 Software Requirements 6 6.6 TestingRead MoreRetail Loss Prevention2562 Words   |  11 PagesLoss Prevention (LP) came in second only to the overall economy! It is no surprise given that every dollar saved from retail shrink is a dollar added directly to the bottom-line. Looking back in history, we have seen tough times like these are conducive for higher shrink numbers. This is mainly due to retailers cutting down loss prevention staffing and store personnel, slowdown in technology investments, and increase in theft owing from people who cannot handle the economic pressure. LP organizations

Corporate Finance - 1661 Words

Corporate finance When investors prefer low dividend payout and what is the relation between dividend payout and cash flow (what will increase and what will decrease when using low dividend payment?) Dividend payout ratio refers to the amount of earnings of a particular company that seeks to issue out to its investors in the form of cash dividends. Dividends payouts may vary depending on the industry and a low dividend payout may signify a good thing or a bad thing. Investors who may opt for a low dividend payout may mean that they are willing to allow the company plough back its annual earnings for the purpose of capital growth of the company they have invested in as well as capital gains incur lower tax rates. It may show that the investors are willing to forgo part of their dividends to generate greater returns which lead to higher stock market prices (Sedzro 2010). On the bad side, it may mean that the company does not have enough capital to pay dividends to its investors. The relationship between dividend payout and cash flow is that a company that pays higher dividends may seem to be having a greater cash flow to meet its daily operational needs but a company paying low dividend payout may seem to be having a low cash flow hence, the company needs to retain the dividends for operational needs. This therefore, translates to an increase in cash flow and a decrease in dividend payout when using low dividend payout (Sedzro 2010). What is the relationship betweenShow MoreRelatedCorporate Finance Notes1881 Words   |  8 PagesStudy notes By Zhipeng Yan Corporate Finance Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey Jaffe Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance ..................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 Accounting Statements and Cash Flow.............................................................. 3 Chapter 3 Financial Markets and NPV: First Principles of Finance................................... 6 Chapter 4 Net Present Value....................................Read MoreNotes for Corporate Finance2082 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate Finance Notes * Chapter One: Introduce to Corporate Finance 1. Three Questions: A. What Long-term asset should be invested? Capital Budgeting B. How to raise cash for capital expenditures? Capital Structure C. How to manage short-term cash flow? Net Working Capital 2. Capital Structure: Marketing Value of Firm = MV of Debt + MV of Equity 3. Finance perspect and Accountant perspect: Finance: Cash Flow ! Accountant: A/R means profit ! 4. Sole proprietorshipRead MoreCorporate Finance69408 Words   |  278 PagesCorporate finance P. Frantz, R. Payne, J. Favilukis FN3092, 2790092 2011 Undergraduate study in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences This subject guide is for a Level 3 course (also known as a ‘300 course’) offered as part of the University of London International Programmes in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences. This is equivalent to Level 6 within the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ). For moreRead MoreCorporate Finance4881 Words   |  20 PagesTrends of Leverage 7 2.3 Comparison of capital structure with similar companies 9 2.4 Capital expenditures and its financing 10 2.5 Important factors influencing the use of debt financing 10 2.5.1 Tax Advantage 10 2.5.2 Corporate Tax Rate 11 2.5.3 Credit rating 11 2.5.4 Interest rate 11 2.5.5 Company’s Industry 12 2.5.6 Company’s growth rate 12 2.5.7 Some other arguments about Harvey Norman 12 2.6 Evidence of financial distress 13 Read MoreCorporate Finance1421 Words   |  6 Pagesoperating earnings of the firm. The capitalization is to be made at a rate appropriate to the risk class of the firm. Growth Plans, are involved in capital structural theories in which a certain amount will be allocated for the growth plans. A finance manager should draw a plan according for the dividend policy. For Example: The firm has $10 million as equity capital and $6 million as debt capital and the firm made a profit (after tax) of $2 million, and the fund allocated to the growth plan wasRead MoreCorporate Finance - Concept Questions12247 Words   |  49 Pagesquestions of corporate finance? a. Investment decision (capital budgeting): What long-term investment strategy should a firm adopt? b. Financing decision (capital structure): How much cash must be raised for the required investments? c. Short-term finance decision (working capital): How much short-term cash flow does company need to pay its bills. ( Describe capital structure. Capital structure is the mix of different securities used to finance a firms investmentsRead MoreFundamentals of Corporate Finance 9e82683 Words   |  331 Pageshttp://helpyoustudy.info Chapter 01 - Introduction to Corporate Finance Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following terms is defined as the management of a firm s long-term investments? A. working capital management B. financial allocation C. agency cost analysis D. capital budgeting E. capital structure Refer to section 1.1 AACSB: N/A Difficulty: Basic Learning Objective: 1-1 Section: 1.1 Topic: Capital budgeting Read MoreCorporate Business Finance 7343 Words   |  30 PagesCorporate Business Finance Seminar 5 Project Finance Lauren Leigh Essaram 207507339 Ruvimbo Mukorera 206525531 27 September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the duly performed requirement of International Business Finance, School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract Non-recourse financing has grown in popularity, especially in developing countries. It has done so more specifically in the basic infrastructure, natural resources and also in the energyRead MoreAdvanced Corporate Finance4303 Words   |  18 PagesUniversity of Puget Sound School of Business and Leadership BUS 434 Advanced Corporate Finance Professor Alva Wright Butcher Tues-Thurs 11:00-12:20 McIntyre 107 Spring Semester 2012 Office: McIntyre 111 I Phone: 253-879-3349 FAX: 253-879-3156 Office Hours: T-Th: 1:00-1:50 Wed: 9:30-10:30 And by appointment Note that I am always willing to schedule additional office hours by appointment. I check email frequently, so that is also a goodRead MoreEssay Corporate Finance1613 Words   |  7 Pages Why is corporate finance important to all managers? Corporate finance is a specific area of finance dealing with the financial decisions corporations make and the tools as well as analyses used to make these decisions. The primary goal of corporate finance is to enhance corporate value, without taking excessive financial risks. A corporations managements primary responsibility is to maximize the shareholders wealth which translates to stock price maximization. Corporate finance provides

The True Story About Write My Essay Research Paper That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The True Story About Write My Essay Research Paper That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear Relevance Your research question ought to be based on current info and technologies. Us your order through the homepage, you're automatically requested to provide us with the in depth guidelines on the kind of academic paper should be accomplished, what research should be run, and which requirements ought to be fulfilled when you send. High-quality research and term paper examples are available on numerous websites, including the Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Quite often students are needed to compose the information regarding the methods and techniques which were used to perform a research. What You Need to Do About Write My Essay Research Paper Starting in the Next Six Minutes Your paper is going to be written from scratch by real experts, so you don't have anything to fret about. It is simple to doubt although you might have prepared the very best selection or irrespective of no matter if you want to go set together together with the 2nd document. Gather 10 or more quotes, then pick 3-4 best citations and choose where you will set them in the outline. The many kinds of academic papers and the boring guidelines to every one of them may be frustrating. Top Write My Essay Research Paper Secrets With our custom made essay offer, you can be certain to get any essay help you are searching for. The way to the perfect essay is by way of WritePaperFor.Me. There are many things to be on the lookout for when choosing to get an essay or a dissertation from a writing company. If you're on the lookout for a high-quality but inexpensive essay writing service, USA Essay is what you want. Remember our guarantees when you purchase essays from BuyEssaySafe.com. Therefore, you turn to an on-line essay writing service to purchase essay papers. A financial essay can begin with a thesis, or it may begin with a theme. To begin with, inspect the stand you want to persuade your reader to accept, then develop your objective. At any time you have a question, we'll do everything in our capacity to provide a prompt answer. So, as soon as a thought I need a person to write my research paper' appears in your head, you know the best place to run to acquire instant and skilled assistance. No one could possibly know that you've used our writing service. Life, Death and Write My Essay Research Paper If you know the essential aspects you need to include in the essays, writing them can be an easy endeavor. Subsequently, essay was defined in various ways. Writing requires in-depth understanding of the language, style and a superb group of creativity. Our philosophy differs. Th e Definitive Strategy for Write My Essay Research Paper You'll be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and when you opt to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. However difficult it is to compose an essay, our authors can deal at any difficulty. Actually, a seasoned writer can get the job done much faster than any student as they've been writing academic assignments during their entire life. During the long years of studying, there will certainly be a moment when you will require the assistance of essay writing advisors. Write My Essay Research Paper: the Ultimate Convenience! Locating a worthy essay writing service at an inexpensive price isn't a very simple endeavor for an inexperienced student. Making mistakes is a vital part of learning. Zero plagiarism usually means no cheating. Regardless of what the topic and however complex the research paper writing may appear to you, we've got professional writers who can deal with the work without difficulty. Only writers that are interested in your topic place will place a bid to assist you. Don't worry as you're able to place an order at any moment and don't forget to receive your paper by the deadline you want. Who understand how to sexual violence, research papers, recommendations on several students each of the skilled writers. In the event you're indecisive to pay a person to compose your essay, explore other facets of our websites or contact our support team for any extra guidelines. The custom writing companies have a thorough understanding of the situation the majority of the students find themselves and don't overprice. All our writers pass a considerable procedure to look at their abilities. Others don't have skills required for a high grade they don't have any choice except to use an essay services. Therefore, you can be positive that if you purchase research papers or any other type of academic writing at our service, you will receive an original item. Just describe what you need and want your paper appears like and we'll fulfill your requirements without difficulty. With the completely free revision option supplied for each of the clients, you can have your paper revised and improved at zero price tag. Consequently from using our services, you will get a custom-written paper you'll be able to use for your own purposes. Whatever They Told You About Write My Essay Research Paper Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Ethos Ideally, you ought to be a specialist in your field if you're conducting research on a particular topic. If you are supplied with any particular topic, it is extremely important to concentrate on it and do the research. It is very important to get started researching the topic whenever possible. When choosing a topic, it is extremely important to make sure that you're selecting a controversial topic for the finance research paper. The Birth of Write My Essay Research Paper An essay has a minimum number of words that should be observed and grammar needs to be observed. Writing essay may be true headache including all the research and meeting academic standards. Even a fantastic essay can get you into trouble if it's been sold to other students too. While essays and other sorts of creative writing are typical in English classes, you will also should understand how to compose informative pieces, such as research or term papers. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Write My Essay Research Paper An excellent research paper thesis is a crucial portion of a prosperous paper. Very good research paper topics donate to the caliber of the paper. Research papers also incorporate writing a proposal. They are a relatively tough kind of academic writing. A superb research paper introduction should inform the reader about all of the characteristics of the problem under consideration. When you've completed all that, you will be pre pared to begin contemplating making your research question. When you're planning write finance research paper, it's also quite important to be certain that you're picking a topic in accordance with your interest. By considering all these aspects, you'll be able to create your finance research paper successful.

Taxation Law Guide to International Tax

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law for Guide to International Tax. Answer: 1. Case Analysis Peta bought a house in Kew two years ago and it had two ol tennis courts in the backyard that needed renovation. She made the purchase with the intention of making a living in the house with her family while constructing three units on the old tennis courts and make profit by selling them (Fong, and Pinto, 2006). In the current assessment year she received an offer from the tennis club who showed interest in the old tennis court provided it was renovated. Peta accepted the offer and changed her earlier plan. She renovated the tennis court by incurring expense of $100,000 that involved resurfacing and building new fences around the tennis court. She sold the renovated tennis court to the tennis club amounting to $600,000. Ignoring the capital gains tax whether the receipts of the above amount is ordinary income under s 6-5 According to s6-5 as stated in the Income tax assessment act 1997 any income based on ordinary concepts can be part of assessable income. There is no proper definition of ordinary concepts but normally all amounts earned that people consider it to income normally and that find it suitable in the concept of income in the common law (Fong, and Pinto, 2006). The three components that is normally included in the ordinary income are explained below. The income derived from personal effort and it includes the remuneration earned in the form of salary and wages by the tax payer. The income derived from property and it includes rent received from house property, interest and dividends. The income earned for conducting business and commerce and it include retail sales and trading and farming activity. The components described above is part of assessable income it is essential to differentiate between each of them as certain deduction are related to which group of income it is deducted from, such as if tax payer is conducting any business (Nethercott, Richardson, and Devos, 2010). The above case is an isolated transaction and that is generally termed as the first limb of myers and it states if any business deal conducted with the objective of making profit the proceeds from such deal will be treated as ordinary income under s6-5 business (Nethercott, Richardson, and Devos, 2010). On the other hand if the first limb of myers to be applied it is essential that the objective of making profit during the time of purchase of an asset also needs to be congruent with the means by which the profit was made from the deal eventually. According to Myers, it is mandatory that business deal and profit making intention to be explained to consider the sale to be an ordinary income. In the case of Peta who is not involved in business, it is essential that profit making intention needs to be established at the time of purchase of the property (Fong, C., 2002). From the case analysis above it is evident that that Peta does have the profit making intention as she planned to develop three units in the old tennis court and make profit by selling them when she bought the house two year ago. Thus there can be an argument that the profit making intention existed in the above case. On the other hand it is also evident from the case that the plan made originally was not executed accordingly. In the process of application of Myers it makes it mandatory to explain that the profit making intention continued to exist in the new plan that was executed (Fong, C., 2002). Contrary to this there can an argument that the original profit m aking intention was discarded and the new proposition provided the mere realisation for Peta to make the new deal at the price that is possibly best as established in the case of Westfield. As evident from the case analysis that the tennis club next door approached Peta with the offer establish the fact that there was a change in the plan made by Peta . Thus it can strongly debated that the original profit making intention was discarded This can be contradicted by the commissioner supported by the evidence stated in TR92/3 AT (55-58) and present an argument that assessment would be done on the amount earned provided the tax payer The property was acquired with the objective of profit making intention by any method identified most appropriate and later profit is derived by any method that was executed with the original profit making intention (Barkoczy et al., 2010); The property was acquired by consider multiple methods and means of profit making and execute any of the method considered in the profit making process; or The transaction was undertaken with the objective of profit making by one specific approach but practically derives the profit by some other approach. The AAT stated with respect to the case 1(1999) 99 ATC 101 the related statement of TR 92/3 does not hold true and needs to be written again. That leads to the argument that what is stand of the High court in Myer? Case 1 of 1999 revolved around the profit making intention but in the practical sense the profit making was derived using some other approach. The verdict of the High court was that it was non assessable for tax purpose (Barkoczy et al., 2010). Again according to the case of FCT v Haass (1999) 99 the verdict of the court was the amount was assessable on the ground that the profit was derived by a method that was different slightly to the method actually planned. On the other hand if the tax payer had an intention to profit making by considering multiple methods even though any of the method considered in the profit making process. Thus from the above discussion of the section related with Income tax assessment act 1997 and the case first limb of Myers the receipt of $600,000 is not ordinary income under s6.5 as mentioned in the case discussion (Pattenden, and Twite, 2008). Again according to the case of FCT v Haass (1999) 99 the receipt of the receipt of $600,000 is ordinary income under s6.5 based on the verdict as explained. 2. Case Analysis Alan joins ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) as an employee under a two year contract with the remuneration package negotiated with the company. It comprises of fixed salary of $300,000 with other benefits and includes fringe benefits. A mobile phone allowance of $220 every month inclusive of GST and he can use the phone with unlimited usage by paying fixed sum monthly. The phone is used by Alan for office purpose (Pattenden, and Twite, 2008). The company also makes a payment of $20,000 annually as school fees for his children and it is GST free. The company also provided latest handset of the mobile phone to Alan and it cost to the company $2000 inclusive of GST. The company organized a dinner party at a local Thai restaurant at the end of the year for all the 20 employees and their partners. The cost to the company was $6000 inclusive of GST for the dinner. a) FBT consequences arising out of the above information including FBT liability Fringe benefits are part of the remuneration package that is taxable amount and it is calculated on the gross amount of benefits given to the employees during the assessment year. The concept of fringe benefits is normally related with the benefit of non cash type. The tax calculation for fringe benefits provided is different from the tax calculation for income tax as depends on the benefits given to employees (Henry et al., 2009). The rate of FBT applicable for assessment year 2015-16 is 49% though it will be revised to 47% once the TBRL (Temporary budget repair levy) in the assessment year 2017-18. There are exclusion where no liability of FBT is imposed and it includes salary of employees, contribution to superannuation and other benefits related with remuneration. In addition the below benefits are exempted from FBT as stated by FBTAA and they are Expenses related with employee relocation Exempt loans Remote area housing expenses Work related expenses Expenses related with exempt car payments Expenses in Tools and certain equipments related to work Minor benefits with taxable income under $300 There are 13 types of benefits recognized by FBTAA and they are Property related benefits Car benefits Car parking benefits Loan related benefits Debt waiver benefits Housing benefits Living away from Home allowance benefit Board benefits Airline transport benefits Expense payments benefits Meal entertainment benefit Residual fringe benefits Tax-exempt body entertainment Based on the case analysis it is evident that mobile bills provided as part of the remuneration package would not be considered for FBT taxation as the mobile is used by Alan for office purpose only and it will be exempted under FBTAA as it is part of Work related expenses (Woellner et al., 2016). Further the handset provided by the employer is also not liable for FBT as it represent Expenses in Tools and certain equipments related to work. Thus mobile bill of $220 and handset cost of $2000 would not attract FBT. The school fees is the expense the employee is liable to pay initially but if such amount was paid by the company than it attract FBT under the category expense payment fringe benefit covered under the 13 benefits recognized by FBTAA (Kraal, Yapa, and Harvey, 2008). Thus $20,000 borne by ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) for school fess and free of GST is liable for tax under type 2 of FBT. The dinner party in Thai restaurant provided by the company at the end of the year to the employees and partners, it is assumed that the meal was not given during office hours and liable for FBT as it is recognized as one of the 13 types of benefits stated by FBTAA categorized as Meal entertainment benefit (Kraal, Yapa, and Harvey, 2008). Thus $6000 borne by ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) for dinner is liable for FBT. Calculation of FBT for Expense payment fringe benefit School fees free of GST = $ 20,000 FBT taxable value = $ 20,000 X 1.8868 = $ 37736 FBT Liability = $ 37736 X 47% = $ 17736 Meal entertainment benefit Dinner = $ 6000 FBT taxable value = $ 6000 X 1.1 X 2.0802 X 50% = $ 7551 FBT liability = $ 7551 X 47% = $ 3549 Total FBT liability for assessment year ending 31st March 2016 was sum of Expense payment fringe benefit and Meal entertainment benefit i.e $ 17736 + $ 3549 = $ 21285 b) Difference in answer if ABC only had 5 employees The answer in case of A would differ if the number of employees is reduced to 5. In taht case the dinner payment paid by ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) would naturally decrease. Thus the FBT would also be less proportionately (Reinhardt and Steel, 2006). If cost for 20 people amounted to $6000 then cost of dinner for 5 people would be $6000/20X 5 and it amounts to $ 1650 for the company, so the FBT would calculated as Dinner = $ 1650 FBT taxable value = $ 1650 X 1.1 X 2.0802 X 50% = $ 1888 FBT liability = $ 1888 X 47% = $ 887 c) Difference in answer if clients of ABC also attended the end of year dinner Based on the FBTAA the answer in case of A would be that FBT is imposed on meals provided by the company at the end of year to employees. If such dinner was attended by the clients of ABC then based on FBTAA the FBT is imposed on the benefits provided to employees as part of Meal entertainment benefit stated in 13 types of benefits mentioned in the FBTAA and it covers employees and their associates (Reinhardt and Steel, 2006). It does not cover the clients of ABC so the company is not liable to FBT in the amount pertaining to the dinner related with the clients. Thus it can be concluded that there would be any marked difference as far as the FBT calculation and amount is concerned. It is a separate issue not related the FBT of employees. References Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N., 2010. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. Fong, C. and Pinto, D., 2006. Research Guide to International Tax: An Australian Perspective, A. J. Austl. Tax'n, 9, p.82. Fong, C., 2002. Taxation Scholarship in Australia and New Zealand: A Preliminary View. J. Austl. Tax'n, 5, p.306. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2009. Australias future tax system. Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury. Kraal, D., Yapa, P.S. and Harvey, D., 2008, May. The impact of Australias Fringe Benefits Tax for cars on petrol consumption and greenhouse emissions. In Australian Tax Forum (Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 91-223). Nethercott, L., Richardson, G.A. and Devos, K., 2010. Australian Taxation Study Manual: Questions and Suggested Solutions. CCH Australia Limited. Pattenden, K. and Twite, G., 2008. Taxes and dividend policy under alternative tax regimes. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14(1), pp.1-16. Reinhardt, S. and Steel, L., 2006. A brief history of Australia's tax system. Economic Round-up, (Winter 2006), p.1. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.